Bad Reviews & the Australian Law — When to Go Legal

*Ding* You’ve received a notification your business has received a new online review — yay!

But wait, it’s not a good review… In fact, it’s a horrible review and there is absolutely no way it’s true. You may not even recognise the reviewer.

How do you remove that bad online review? Is it even possible to sue over a negative review? What can you do to defend your business?

Here’s what you need to do:

1. Take a deep breath and detach yourself personally from the review.
2. Discover if you can  use the negative review to your advantage .
3. Respond to the review.
4. Learn how to request to remove the review.

But what if the review can’t be removed and you believe it’s fake or malicious? Now it’s time to investigate where the law may be on your side.

Localsearch spoke with  Lawyer and Associate Professor at Bond University, Dr Francina Cantatore , to find out:

• What types of legal action a business may be able to take over a bad review.
• When to consider going legal over a bad review.
• What you need to do when building a case over an unlawful review.
• How to get free legal advice as a business.

P.S. This article is for general information only and does not replace professional legal advice or counsel, and does not take into consideration your personal situation. Localsearch nor the author are liable for any misuse of the information in this article. Please contact your local business legal service for advice specific to your circumstances.

When should a business go legal over a bad review?

Dr Francina Cantatore advises businesses should be certain the review is false or malicious before instigating legal proceedings as it can be costly to pursue. If the reviewer has detailed their opinion of an experience or the truth, you cannot pursue legal action against them. 

“Legal action should be the last step a business takes when they receive a negative review,” says Dr Cantatore.



“The cost of claiming defamation or another claim against a negative review can run into the tens of thousands of dollars in legal fees, depending on the case. However, if there is no other path, knowing your options before you speak to a legal professional is a good place to start.”

You may wish to consider a legal claim if the review:

• Strays from the truth.
• Expresses an opinion without an actual basis.
• Could be interpreted in more than one way.
• Is misleading.

Remember, claims such as these may incur some media attention. It’s something you may wish to take into consideration before proceeding with a claim and if it may be helpful or harmful to your business and its reputation.

What type of legal action can a business take over a bad review?

Under the Australian Consumer Law (ACL) ,  consumers are protected in leaving honest and opinion-based online reviews . This does mean businesses do have a leg to stand on if a dishonest or defamatory review has been left, but it also means they have regulations they must abide by.

“The type of legal action a business may be able to take over a bad review will depend on what state the business operates in and where they are located,”  says Dr Cantatore .

“For instance, in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia (and soon to be other states), a business must issue a Concerns Notice to the reviewer before they will be able to instigate court proceedings for defamation. The Concerns Notice must also follow strict legislation to ensure it addresses the problem correctly, which if not drafted correctly, can lead to more costs and time involved in the process.”

There are  three main legal claims for online reviews  businesses may wish to investigate:

• Defamation claim.
• Injurious falsehood claim.
• Australian Consumer Law claim.

Where you have evidence where any of the three potential claims may have occurred, it is worth sending the details to the review platform in question before seeking legal advice. Review platforms are required to adhere to ACCC regulations, so may be able to remove the review with no legal action if sufficient evidence can be provided.



See:  How to remove reviews from Facebook, Google and Localsearch.

Defamation claim. 

For a review to be defamatory, the review must be public and harm a person’s reputation or be about a business with fewer than 10 employees. The review must identify the person or business.

Where a review clearly identifies an individual, this person may wish to pursue defamation outside of the business, incurring the costs of doing so themselves. However, the reviewer may still have a defence against a defamation claim if they have evidence of the truth or can defend the review as being an honest opinion.

Under the Defamation Act 2005, there are different conditions per state in Australia as to who can claim defamation and for what. This may mean needing to  file a Concerns Notice  to the reviewer before being able to proceed with a defamation claim or seeking other legal avenues.

What is a Concerns Notice?



Queensland Government Crown Law defines a Concerns Notice  as:

“…a notice sent by an aggrieved person to the person who published material complained of by the aggrieved person. The concerns notice sets out the publication complained of and the “defamatory imputations” (or inferences) that are said to arise from the publication. The concerns notice, which is similar to a letter of demand, generally requests that the published take certain action in order to avoid legal proceedings being issued against them by the aggrieved person.” 

In 2021, amendments were made to the Model Defamation Provisions in Australia (MDPs) in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia (with other jurisdictions to follow). This amendment introduced a mandatory Concerns Notice regime and a serious harm test. It’s best to seek legal counsel in your state for the exact information about your circumstances.



In everyday-people-terms, a Concerns Notice is a letter to someone advising them legal action will commence if offending material (like an online review) is not removed and an apology is received within a set amount of time. However, what this letter needs to contain is very specific and may differ from state to state, so it is best to seek legal advice or services instead of drafting one yourself.

Injurious falsehood claim.

Injurious falsehood is a false statement about a person or business’s self, goods or services that has been made to a third party, is malicious in nature and has caused damage directly as a result of the statement.

But isn’t this the same as defamation? Not quite.

The  similarity between defamation and injurious falsehood  is both false and harmful statements that have been communicated to a third party. However, injurious falsehood protects a person’s interest of property, products or business, while defamation protects personal reputation.

To prove injurious falsehood, you must be able to demonstrate:

1. A false statement has been made about your business, goods or services.
2. The false statement was published to a third party, such as a review website, online or on social media.
3. There was malice by the person who made the statement.
4. Damage has been done as a direct result of the above.

Injurious falsehood claims typically involve a competitor of a business or person making false statements to tarnish the recipient’s reputation.

Australian Consumer Law claim. 

Under the   Australian Competition & Consumer Act 2010 , “It’s  against the law for a business to create fake or misleading reviews  or to arrange for others to do so.”

This not only applies to people creating fake reviews about your business but also if you create reviews for your own business, incentivise customers to do so or make any attempt to block negative reviews. As let’s face it, no one is perfect 100% of the time, so a negative review is inevitable for most businesses.



If the ACCC is made aware of false reviews from either side of the story — either your business being the victim or the perpetrator of false reviews — they may take action, and infringement notices and fines may take place.

Examples of Lawsuits Over Online Reviews in Australia

Adelaide lawyer receives $750,000AUD from fake online review.

The  case of Cheng v Lok [2020]  started in 2018 and was not resolved until 2020.

In 2018, an Adelaide lawyer, Mr Gordon Cheng, received an online review from a name he did not identify as someone who used his business’s services. He was not aware of the review until 2019, by which time he had already noticed a loss of 80% of his clients.

On complaint to Google, the review was removed.

However, the reviewer proceeded to submit further reviews. When Mr Cheng submitted a Concerns Notice to Google, the reviewer proceeded to change the name on their review. To make attempt to contact the reviewer or resolve the matter, Mr Cheng posted a Concerns Notice and further summons publicly. The review was deleted.

Following this, a new review appeared on Mr Cheng’s business’s  Google My Business (now Google Business Profile)  under the name of an acquaintance of Mr Cheng, who he had not represented. On contacting the friend, it ensued it was the friend’s daughter.



You’re welcome to  read the full case notes  for finer details. However, as a result of the defamation of Mr Cheng, business losses, the false reviews and the stress on Mr Cheng, he was awarded $750,000 AUD.

NSW Plastic Surgeon Awarded $500,000+ for false review accusations. 

In 2017, a  patient of plastic surgeon Dr Kourosh Tavakoli claimed medical negligence in a review  on Google. Dr Tavakoli pursued the reviewer for defamation and injurious falsehood, having experienced a near 25% reduction in visitors to their website the week following the publication of the review.



In 2020, the court ordered payment of $530,000 to the NSW plastic surgeon for damages as a result of defamation from the reviewer’s first statement in a review on Google. They were also ordered to not publish, re-publish or keep published any of the claims they made online.

Where to Find Free Business Legal Advice in Australia 

Individuals can find free legal advice at Community Legal Centres Australia throughout the country. Each state also has legal aid services.



However, as advised by Dr Cantatore, businesses should ensure the person they speak to is experienced in both business law and defamation cases.

“At the Bond Law Clinic at Bond University, we provide free advice to small businesses and there are several other clinics like these in Australia,” says  Dr Cantatore .



“Business and defamation are two distinct areas of law, and not every legal practice provides advice or services for these areas. Legal proceedings can take months, even years, so finding the right legal representation is important, not only for your case, but in you feeling confident.”

Localsearch.com.au  is a good place to start your research when finding legal assistance near you.

About Dr Francina Cantatore. 

Dr Francina Cantatore is an Associate Professor at Bond University, Special Counsel with Cronin Miller Litigation and is the Director of the Bond Law Clinic Program at Bond University. With a background and a PhD in Copyright Law, Francina is highly sought after for media legal relations, including the effects of Consumer Law on businesses. She is also the author of three books, several chapter books and more than 30 journal articles and many international conference papers.  Visit Francina’s LinkedIn  for more information about her background, experience and contact details.